Fig. 3
From: Computational modeling of bone fracture non-unions: four clinically relevant case studies
Comparison of the computational frameworks used to model the four different causes of non-union. I non-union induced by reaming of the marrow canal and periosteal stripping [48], II non-union due to a critical size defect [49], III non-union due to a genetic disorder, i.e. NF1 related congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia [50] and IV non-union due to mechanical overload [51]. GFs growth factors, c m mesenchymal stem cell density, c f fibroblast cell density, c b osteoblast cell density, c c chondrocyte cell density, g bc generic osteochondrogenic growth factor, g b generic osteogenic growth factor, g c generic chondrogenic growth factor, g v generic angiogenic growth factor, c v endothelial cell (density), u z displacement in the z-direction, u r displacement in the r-direction, p hydrostatic pressure, F z applied loading, 1 periosteal callus, 2 intercortical callus, 3 endosteal callus